Guidelines for Preparing Final Versions of
Accepted Papers
- Formatting
- Structure
of Paper
- Abstract
- Main Text
- Italics
and Boldface
- Formulas,
Equations, and Special Symbols
- Footnotes
- Figures
and Tables
- References
Formatting
In
order for an accepted paper to be published, the paper must conform to the
conventions of the Chicago
Manual of Style. Below are additional conventions used by Philosophy of Science. For anything not
covered below, consult the Chicago Manual of Style. The instructions
below sometimes refer to sections in the 15th edition (abbreviated CMS).
Margins should be
ample, approximately 1-1/2" (4 cm) top and bottom, 1-1/4" (3 cm)
left and 1" (2.5 cm) right.
Justification: Please left-justify the text. The right margin should be ragged.
Typeface: Times or Times
New Roman is best for proofreading and for computer translation.
Typesize: 12 point. Type size should be full size at all times,
including in footnotes, references, picture legends, etc.
Spacing: All text should be double-spaced,
including the text in footnotes, references, picture legends, etc.
Page
numbers: Please leave all headers and footers blank; in particular, please
do not include page numbers in the header or footer.
Structure
of Paper
The
final version of the paper should have the following parts, each beginning on
a new page
- abstract
- main text
- appendixes [when necessary]
- references
Abstract
Place the abstract at the beginning of the document on its own page (i.e. insert a page break after the abstract).
Main Text
The
first section is numbered and normally titled "1. Introduction." in
boldface; subsections are in italics, and new sections in boldface again. Put
a blank line between each section and subsection. Section titles use headline
capitalization, for instance "Explanation of Anomalies," not
"Explanation of anomalies." "Section" is capitalized when
used as a proper noun, for instance "as was proved in Section 1,"
but lowercase when used as a common noun, for instance "as was proved in
the first section." Uses of "figure," "table," and
so on are always lowercase.
Italics and
Boldface
We do
not italicize foreign or technical terms commonly used by philosophers of
science. Examples:
- "ipso facto," "i.e.," "ad hoc," "a priori"
Unfamiliar terms may be in italics. Examples:
- "The now obsolete Japanese term warifu was used to designate the tearing of pieces of material or paper to record an economic transaction.
Indicate
italicized words, phrases requiring emphasis, and titles of published books
and journals by italic typeface, not underlining. Indicate boldface by bold
typeface, not wavy underlining.
Formulas,
Equations, and Special Symbols
See Guidelines
for Math and Other Non-ASCII Symbols on the Philosophy of Science pages hosted by the
Equations
and symbols should be fully legible. Give any variables the style they should
display, e.g., italics, bold, or unusual fonts.
Where possible,
formulas and equations should be put in a form that helps to minimize the
number of printed lines. For example: p = -dx/dy =
-dz/dt.
Please type the equation as text (with any superscripts and subscripts) rather than in Microsoft Equation Editor.
When
possible, an alternative symbol or sign should be provided if the symbol
required is rare. To avoid confusion between similar symbols such as the
letter O and zero, mu and u, subset and less than,
clearly identify the symbol to the typesetter, for example, in a note to the
typesetter at the beginning of the paper.
Proofs,
theorems, propositions, and so on should be entered as block quotes with any
heading (e.g., “Theorem 1.”)
in bold (but not italic) and followed by a period.
Footnotes
Footnotes
should be used, not endnotes. The font should be the same size (12 point) as
the main text.
Discursive
footnotes should be avoided; incorporate material in the body of the text
whenever possible. Remaining footnotes should be numbered consecutively
throughout the typescript.
Figures and
Tables
Figures and tables require
special treatment. Please contact the editors if you have any questions.
See Guidelines
for Artwork and Guidelines
for Tables on the Philosophy of
Science pages hosted by the
Digital art should be submitted as high resolution .tiff, .eps, or .jpg files, or as a clean, high resolution PDF file. A figure that looks good on your computer monitor can may not look good when printed in high resolution. The minimum resolution for
graphics files should be 300 dpi for gray-scale art, and 600 dpi for line
art. Please consult with local support if you are unsure how to produce high
quality graphical images. The editorial office and
Tables
should be typed with a minimum of borders and other features enabled.
Please submit your tables and figures as separate files. They may also be included in the
text at the appropriate place. Alternatively, you may indicate their
approximate location with a note such as "[Include Figure 1 here]".
In either case, labels ("Figure 1.") and any captions should be
included. Figures within the text are centered, but captions are
left-justified. Captions are punctuated and capitalized as sentences.
References
- In-Text
Citations
- List of
References
- Multiple
Authors
- Titles
- Books
- Dissertations
- Reprints
- Technical
Reports, Working Papers, and Similar Publications
- Journal
Articles
- Edited
Volumes
- PSA
Proceedings
Authors
are responsible for the completeness and accuracy of their bibliography and
citations. Please cross-check your citations against your bibliography; our
copyeditors and
We use
the author-date system. See the 15th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style
chapters 16 and 17, but be sure to follow the specifications below. Be sure
that the References include page numbers for all articles in journals and
edited volumes. Uses of inclusive numbers (in run of text, article page
ranges, etc.) are abridged following CMS 9.64 (e.g., 123-27, not 123-7 or
123-127). Use fully realized (unabridged) numbers in book or article titles
only (e.g., “History of Genetics, 1945-1990”). In both the
reference list and in-text citations, simply give the numbers, without
"page" or "pg."
In-Text Citations: Simple
citations or quotation attributions should be made by citation within the
text, rather than by footnote. Cite author and year of publication, for
example, (Jones 1974) and, when appropriate, page numbers (Jones 1974, 25).
Note the comma between year and page but not between author and year. There
is no "p." or "page" preceding the page number.
If the
context clearly specifies the reference, the year and page number are
sufficient:
Jones's theory (1974, 25) contradicts his earlier
account (1965).
Regardless
of whether the subject of the sentence is the author or the book or article
itself, the citation is in parentheses (or in brackets, for discursive text already
within parentheses), with a comma between date and page.
Examples
with author as subject:
Hegel (1787, 344) argued that ...
Hegel argued that ... philosophy (1787, 344).
Example
in which the book or article itself is what is being referred to:
This argument was refuted (see Hegel 1787). [See CMS
16.115 regarding how a locution such as “This argument was refuted in Hegel
1787,” although technically proper, is best avoided and should be
worded as in the example shown here.]
Note
that within the text, the period comes after the closing parenthesis of the
citation.
At the
end of a block extract, place the citation after the period.
No more causes of natural things should be admitted than
are both true and sufficient to explain their phenomena. ... Therefore, the
causes assigned to natural effects of the same kind must be, so far as
possible, the same. (Newton 1999, 794-95)
When
citing a reprint, give the original year followed by a slash and then the
year for the new edition
... as argued by Duhem (1906/1954).
In
places where you are referring to multiple texts by a single author, separate
years with commas:
(Marx 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986)
For
many texts by multiple authors, use semicolons to separate authors:
(Marx 1982; Eliot 1983; Fudd
1992; Duck 1993)
(Marx 1982, 1983; Fudd 1992,
1995; Fudd and Hare 1996; Duck 1999)
See CMS
16.119.
List of References: The
bibliographical list of cited references must be headed
“References” and placed on a new page after the main text (i.e. insert a page break before the list of references). List
references alphabetically by senior author. More than one reference by the
same author should be listed in chronological order.
If you
know how to do hanging indents with your word processor, use them throughout
the bibliography. If you do not, please format all references flush left, and
leave an extra space after each entry.
Authors: Please use
complete first and last names for authors, not just initials and surnames (if
you cannot readily ascertain a first name, the initials will suffice). If
there are two or more authors, use "and" not "&.”
Only for the senior author does the surname precede the given name. If the
reference list has two or more works by the same author(s), use a 3-em dash
"———" in the
place of the author(s)’ name(s) for subsequent
works. For details about author names (including special cases), see CMS
chapter 17.
For multiple authors, list the surname of the first
author, comma, given name of first author, then
given name before surname of subsequent authors, separated by commas with the
word "and" before the last one. Even if there are only two authors,
use a comma before the word "and". Example:
Burian, Richard M.,
Jean Gayon, and Doris Zallen.
1988. "The Singular Fate of Genetics in the History of French Biology,
1900-1940." Journal of the History
of Biology 21:357-402.
Titles: For all titles of English-language
works (articles, books, chapters, etc.) use headline ("up")
capitalization (CMS 8.167). For foreign book titles, see CMS section 10.3.
Book and journal titles are italicized.
Books: Include author or editor, period,
publication year, period, title (including subtitle) italicized (if needed:
period, volume or edition), period (translator and editor if in addition to
author), city of publication (if needed: comma, state), colon, publisher,
period. Example:
Harding, Sandra G. 1987. Feminism and Methodology: Social Science Issues.
Dissertations: Include
author, period, publication year, period, open quote, title (including
subtitle) nonitalicized, period, closing quote,
then "PhD diss.” comma, name of university, period.
Craver, Carl F. 1998. “Neural Mechanisms: On the
Structure, Function, and Development of Theories in Neurobiology.” PhD
diss.,
Reprints: For a
reprinted edition of a book that requires both dates (which is the exception;
most need one publication date only), include author, period, original date,
slash, new edition date, period, title italicized (if needed: period, volume or
edition), period (translator and editor if in addition to author), "Repr." city of publication (if needed: comma,
state), colon, publisher, period. Example:
Duhem, Pierre.
1906/1954. The Aim and Structure of
Physical Theory. Repr.
If you
cite page numbers in the text, please include both publication dates (as,
e.g., Dhem 1906/1954, 24).
Technical Reports, Working Papers, and Similar
Publications: Include author, period, year, period, open quote, title
(including subtitle) nonitalicized, period, closing
quote, name and number of series, general editor(s) if a series, comma, name
of department, comma, name of university, period (or, if not a university,
then name of institution, comma, city, period). Example:
Titiev, Robert J.
1969. “Some Model-Theoretic Results in Measurement Theory.”
Technical Report 146, Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social
Sciences,
Journal Articles: Include author
of article, period, publication year, period, open quote, title (including
subtitle) nonitalicized, period, closing quote,
name of journal italicized (do not abbreviate journal titles), space, volume
number (if issue number: space, opening parenthesis, issue number, closing
parenthesis), colon, no space (if issue number: space), page numbers.
Italicize the journal name, but not the volume and issue number. Example:
Mayo, Deborah G. 1991. "Novel Evidence and Severe
Tests." Philosophy of Science
58:523-552.
For
book reviews, add the name and author of the reviewed book after the title of
the review.
Fodor, Jerry A. 1995. "West Coast Fuzzy: Why We
Don't Know How Brains Work." Review of The Engine of Reason, the Seat of the Soul: A Philosophical Journey
into the Brain, by Paul M. Churchland. Literary Journal 4821:5-6.
Edited Volumes: For articles in a book-length
collection, include author(s) of article, period, publication year, period, nonitalicized title of article in quotation marks,
period, followed by “In” title of
collection italicized, comma, “ed.” name of book's editor(s) (all
surname last), comma, page range, period, city of publication (if needed:
comma, state), colon, publisher, period. Example:
Oppenheim, Paul, and Hilary Putnam. 1958. "Unity of
Science as a Working Hypothesis.” In
If you
refer to many articles in the same edited volume and cite the book itself in
text, give the book its own entry in the reference list and use a short
citation in the entries for the articles. Example:
Feigl, Herbert,
Grover Maxwell, and Michael Scriven, eds. 1958.
Oppenheim, Paul, and Hilary Putnam. 1958. "Unity of
Science as a Working Hypothesis." In Feigl et
al. 1958, 3-36.
PSA Proceedings: The Proceedings have appeared in
several forms, which call for different styles of citation.
Through
1995 (PSA 1994 Symposia), the Proceedings were published as an edited volume
and should be listed as such.
1996-2002
(PSA 1996 Contributed Papers through PSA 2000 Symposia), the Proceedings were
published as a supplement to the journal Philosophy
of Science. Example:
Keeley, Brian L. 2000.
"Neuroethology and the Philosophy of Cognitive
Science." Philosophy of Science
67 (Proceedings): S404-S417.
Starting
in 2003, the Proceedings are no longer a supplement but rather a fifth issue
of the journal. They should be cited in the same style as immediately above,
except that the page numbers no longer include the letter S.
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© 2009, Philosophy of Science Association.